🔊ab-DOM-in-al payn
Always consider extra-abdominal causes, particularly atypical myocardial infarction in the elderly, and systematically rule out ectopic pregnancy in any female of childbearing age presenting with lowe
🔊AK-roh-MEG-ah-lee
Consider acromegaly in patients with progressive acral or facial coarsening and confirm biochemically with an age-adjusted IGF-1; do not rely on clinical appearance alone.
🔊uh-KYOOT uh-pen-dih-SY-tis
Acute appendicitis is blocked appendix with germ growth and wall death that threatens burst and needs fast surgical review.
🔊ah-KYOOT bron-KYE-tis
Acute bronchitis is predominantly a viral, self-limiting condition where the primary management is symptom relief; routine antibiotic therapy is not recommended for otherwise healthy patients without
🔊uh-KYOOT KOH-luh-sis-TY-tis
Acute cholecystitis is trapped bile from outlet blockage that swells and infects the gallbladder until drained.
🔊ah-KYOOT kor-oh-NARE-ee SIN-drohm
Promptly differentiate STEMI from NSTEMI and unstable angina using a 12-lead ECG and troponin assays, as time-to-reperfusion critically dictates management and survival in ST-elevation presentations.
🔊ah-KYOOT ek-sas-er-BAY-shun of see-oh-pee-dee
Assess the three cardinal symptoms (increased dyspnoea, increased sputum volume, and increased sputum purulence) to guide antibiotic therapy, while strictly targeting oxygen saturation at 88–92% until
🔊ah-KYOOT in-ter-STISH-al neh-FRY-tis
Suspect drug-induced acute interstitial nephritis in any patient developing unexplained acute kidney injury shortly after starting a new medication, and consider early renal biopsy if the diagnosis re
🔊uh-KYOOT KID-nee IN-juh-ree
Acute Kidney Injury is sudden filtering collapse from poor flow, injury or blockage with waste retention.
🔊uh-KYOOT LIV-er FAYL-yer
Acute liver failure is sudden healthy-liver collapse with brain and clotting failure that needs instant transplant-centre care.
🔊uh-KYOOT RES-pih-ruh-tor-ee dis-TRESS SIN-drohm
Acute respiratory distress syndrome is sudden leaky lung injury that floods air sacs and needs lung-protective support with cause treatment.
🔊ah-KYOOT see-VEER AZ-muh
Recognise acute severe asthma by the inability to complete sentences in one breath, tachycardia, tachypnoea, and a PEF < 50% predicted, and initiate immediate high-dose bronchodilators, systemic corti
🔊ah-KYOOT TOO-byoo-ler IN-jer-ee
Acute tubular injury is the most common cause of intrinsic acute kidney injury, typically resulting from ischaemic or nephrotoxic insults, and requires prompt identification and removal of the offendi
🔊ah-DREE-nul KRY-sis
Adrenal crisis is sudden cortisol collapse into fluid-unresponsive shock that reverses only with immediate steroids plus fluids.
🔊uh-DREE-nul in-suh-FISH-un-see
Adrenal insufficiency is lasting cortisol shortfall with crisis risk that needs cause typing and lifelong replacement teaching.
🔊al-byoo-min-YOO-ree-ah
Quantify albuminuria using the urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) on a first-morning spot urine sample, as it is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease
🔊al-koh-HOL-ik kee-toe-ah-SIH-doh-sis
Always administer thiamine before or alongside intravenous dextrose in patients with suspected alcoholic ketoacidosis to prevent the precipitation of Wernicke's encephalopathy.
🔊uh-NEE-mee-uh
Anaemia is failed oxygen carriage from low haemoglobin where unreplaced loss or faulty build predicts strain until source closed and stores rebuilt.
🔊an-uh-fih-LAK-sis
Anaphylaxis is a rapid whole-body allergic reaction that can close the airway and collapse circulation within minutes.
🔊an-JY-nuh pek-TOR-is
Angina is the heart warning of blood shortage on effort that eases with rest and marks coronary disease needing cause workup.
🔊ah-NOO-ree-ah
Anuria is kidneys making no urine or flow fully blocked and demands emergency retention check with cause relief.
🔊ay-OR-tik AN-yoo-riz-um
Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm with ultrasound is recommended for men aged 65–75 who have ever smoked, as early detection allows for elective repair before rupture.
🔊AY-or-tik dis-SEK-shun
Suspect aortic dissection in any patient presenting with sudden, severe, tearing chest or back pain, and immediately control heart rate and blood pressure while arranging urgent definitive imaging.
🔊ay-OR-tik ree-GUR-jih-tay-shun
Evaluate the aortic root and left ventricular dimensions on echocardiography in all patients with a new early diastolic murmur, as chronic severe aortic regurgitation requires timely surgical interven